Language Is The Method Of Human Communication Essay

According to Oxford English dictionary, the definition of language is - the method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way. It is just an abstract system of symbols and meanings, with a set of rules known as grammars. It is an important tool that distinguishes between man and animal†¦.But, is it really just a tool for communication? Our first language, the beautiful sounds of which one hears and gets familiar with before being born while in the womb, has such an important role in shaping our thoughts and emotions. A child’s psychological and personality development will depend upon what has been conveyed through the mother tongue. With this in mind, as psychologists say, it matters tremendously that language expressions and vocabulary are chosen with care when we talk to children. A child’s first comprehension of the world around him, the learning of concepts and skills, and his perceptio n of existence, starts with the language that is first taught to him, his mother tongue. In the same manner, a child expresses his first feelings, his happiness, fears, and his first words through his mother tongue. Language has such an important role in framing our thinking, emotions and spiritual world, because the most important stage of our life, childhood, is spent in its imprints. Language can be the glue that binds individuals into a community, Language is a double-edged sword that also bears the power toShow MoreRelatedLanguage Is A Method Of Human Communication1350 Words   |  6 PagesLanguage is a method of human communication, one of the most important things all humans have in common. In Dillon’s Grammar Repair textbook, she mentions that language is power and those who can exercise its power â€Å"possess a greater share of life’s privileges across the board† (1). Language greatly defines the person and how they are deceived by others. In the ess ays â€Å"Mother Tongue,† â€Å"The Meanings of a Word,† and â€Å"But What Do You Mean?† language is depicted as a controller of our lives in the workplaceRead MoreLanguage Is The Method Of Human Communication1008 Words   |  5 Pages There is always confusion on whether culture and language go hand in hand. Culture is something that is brought through years of tradition and it is something that we are born with. We are born with doing things a certain way because of our culture . Language is the method of of human communication, although language can be viewed as a way to maintain and convey culture and cultural ties it does not necessarily make up someone s culture. Right from infancy a child is ableRead MoreLanguage : The Method Of Human Communication848 Words   |  4 PagesLanguage: the method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way. Everyday, whether you realize it or not you most likely speak in many different contexts. Think about it, the way I talk to my parents, grandparents, or boss is totally different from the way I would talk to my friends. Just like talking texting and emailing hold similar principles. The way I would email my professor is probably the exact opposite of how I wouldRead MoreEvolution Of Gesture And Vocal Communication1538 Words   |  7 PagesGesture and Vocal Communication in Primates Introduction Apes are the model organisms in the field of animal communication and neuro-scientific studies. Apes DNA is about 98.6% similar to humans possessing cognitive, emotional and psychological characteristic which closely resemble humans. Not long ago scientists started studying primates because of these characteristics and most of the work is in the field of cognitive and behavioral neuroscience. Phylogenetically, primates and human fall under theRead MoreCognitive Process Associated with Language Essay780 Words   |  4 PagesCognitive Processes Associated With Language Gwendolyn Spillman, University of Phoenix Cognitive Psychology PSYCH/640 Gaston Weisz March 21, 2014 Cognitive Processes Associated With Language Language is a cognitive function that most humans take for granted. The basic means of communication among individuals is through language. Language allows people to communicate with each other, share his or her thoughts and feelings, share ideas and concepts, fears, and affirmations. Different culturesRead MoreThe Role Of Communicative Intent For Communication Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesHuman beings communicate to be heard. However, not everyone is born with the innate ability to do so. Although it comes effortlessly to most of us, there are several people who struggle with communication every day. A person who cannot effectively communicate is limited in his/her ability to make decisions, to socially interact with others, to express basic wants and needs, and can be isolated from the world in many ways. There is a multiplicity of methods for communication, both verbal and nonverbalRead MoreCritical Thinking and Technical Communication732 Words   |  3 Pages Do you think there is a link between critical thinking and technical communication? The Internet has changed the way we communicate. Texting has replaced using a landline telephone. Students can access assignments and even take courses online. Business people can connect via video conferences. It has also changed the ways in which we think and use language, both for the better and for the worse. On one hand, certain free-associative skills have been sharpened. Hyper-linking on the web allowsRead MoreThe Scientific Method Of Experimental Testing1425 Words   |  6 PagesAnswer #1 Scientific Method The scientific method can be defined as a technique for research where the problem is known, appropriate data is gathered, a hypothesis is formulated from the data, and the hypothesis is tested firsthand. Gauch (2003) defines the scientific method as a highly variable and creative process and states that it is often misrepresented as a fixed sequence of steps although the scientific method of research has four steps. The first step is the observation, which serves asRead MoreCommunication Is The Basic Of Human Existence1163 Words   |  5 PagesThere is no doubt that, communication plays a very important role in our daily life, some people consider that it’s the basic of human existence (Nà ©meth, 2015). But what is communication and why it is so important for us? Today I will talk about â€Å"communication† and discuss its importance. Long time ago , ancestors of human beings were living in caves, picked fruits in the trees as food, ate raw meat. And at that time, communication has been a necessary survival skill of them. Just think about thatRead MoreWhat Is The Importance Of Language In The Film Arrival1556 Words   |  7 Pageseveryday lives using language as a means to communicate with others. As individuals communicate, they speak the language but are only taking in what is on the surface. Words are being taken in but are not understood at a deeper level which can lead to a misunderstanding or miscommunication between both parties. This dilemma is demonstrated in the film Arrival, directed by Denis Villeneuve. The protagonists, Louse Banks and Ian Donnelly, are studying and learning the language of the aliens that have

Employment Outcomes of Postgraduates in the Academic Field Assignment

Essays on Employment Outcomes of Postgraduates in the Academic Field Assignment The paper "Employment Outcomes of Postgraduates in the Academic Field" is a wonderful example of an assignment on human resources. This manual will be prepared to facilitate every member of the career evaluation panel to access the evidence on the new structure of higher education. It will also outline how the evaluations work through practical definitions. It is based on methods of customer behavior assessment in education with an in-depth understanding of the intercollegiate postgraduate system. It is evident that the capability to effectively determine a career choice, whether, in terms of constructing written test items or conducting dynamic exchanges based on relevant scenarios, real-life educational problems involve a sequence of skills that call for preparation and development, careful thought. Both extended matching questions [EMQ] and single best answer items [SBA] ably illustrate the numerous pitfalls as well as the difficulties of reaching into good conclusions. This could further allow the exploration of advanced processes of thought that are applied to solving such problems (White, 2004). The conduct of the postgraduate education sections in terms of examination undergoes significant and continuous change. It is, therefore, necessary to introduce appropriate structure, and blueprinting careful setting of standards. Educational professionals emphasize the importance and value attached to customer satisfaction by the universities while lay representatives assert that the traditional methods used to sample the curriculum are defined by improving accuracy. The relevance of probing higher cognitive procedures and processes of postgraduates receives much emphasis also. Further, there are plenty of excellent sections in this analysis that explain and provide practicable examples of module selection as well as other related issues.Creation of decision matrixThere are a number of terms used to describe decision matrix including the Pugh matrix, selection ma trix or grid, decision grid, problem selection matrix, problem matrix, criteria rating form, opportunity analysis, solution matrix, and criteria-based matrix. It is used to evaluate and prioritize a list of viable options. The evaluator, in this case, will first establish a list of weighted approaches then evaluate each of the options against the criteria. When possible, it is used to analyze data that is collected relating to the various criteria. Several approaches for selecting a post-graduate option or a simple improvement opportunity require substantive guesses on the ultimate solution. For instance, evaluation of resources required, difficulty to solve, payback, and time required to select. Therefore, the rating of the options is only as good as the assumptions about the viable options. It is critical that high ends of a criteria scale (5 or 3) is always the end to be chosen (Happell Pinikahana Roper, 2009).

War Is Terrible Free Essays

Saying that ‘war is terrible’ is such a simple statement but makes us think of the emotional stress and physical pain. There is a wide variety of texts that explore the ideas about war. Various composers agree that war is a terrible thing and isn’t necessary. We will write a custom essay sample on War Is Terrible or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are some composers however who believe that war is necessary and that people should do their duty and fight for their country. These can be shown by a range of techniques. The war poetry of Wilfred Owen, â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† and â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth†, conveys the horrors of war and of Wilfred Owens experience of war rather than the account of the experience itself. This is conveyed through the language and poetic techniques of imagery, repetition, metaphors, similes and even irony. â€Å"Tomorrow When the War Began† examines the war on a more obvious scale. â€Å"Trumpet Calls† looks at war as a noble thing and demonstrates the idea that people must support war and do their duty for their country. This is shown through colour, size, layout and framing. In the poem â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth†, Owen explains about death violence and sacrifice of the youth. Firstly the title itself has a significant use of assonance. Doomed youth is right; there were young men, some really young. By using the rhetorical question and simile of â€Å"What passing-bells for these who die as cattle? † strongly affects us with the image of the slaughterhouse and the idea of men being treated less human and no more important than cattle which are lead to the slaughter without feeling. It shows us the mistreatment of men being constantly killed and has no chance, just like cattle being slaughtered for meat. It solemnly shows how those who die in war do not receive the normal ceremonies that we are used to, to honour the dead. Throughout the poem Wilfred Owen uses a lot of comparisons; one of these is the simile between a typical funeral in a church and what would happen to a soldier killed in battle. For example he compares the church bells with the noise of the gunfire; the prayers with the rapid rifle fire; the choirs with the wailing of shells; the candles held by altar boys with the lights of the sky reflected in the dead eyes of the soldiers. After reading â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† the entire perspective on how terrible the war is can be changed. The poem â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est†, Owen conveys that government may encourage and force you to fight for your country, but, in reality, fighting for your country is simply sentencing yourself to unnecessary death. In line 1 â€Å"bent double, like old beggars under sacks† is a simile, which compares the men to marching to beggars. Beginning with the image of men â€Å"bent double† creates the possibility that the soldiers really have become two people: the men they were before the war and the creatures they’re now. The imagery created by describing â€Å"the white eyes withering in his face†, is horrendous. It’s almost like their eyes live a life on their own: they have detached from the working of the body as a whole. In that same quote there is also alliteration which seeks to re-create the distortion taking place on the young man’s face. The unusual simile â€Å"devils sick of sin† shows the extreme of human cruelty and depravity. We can cause anguish and atrocities that would even sicken Satan. In Owens opinion, this couldn’t be further from the truth. Emphasizing the gruesome details of his real experience during the war demonstrates to the readers the emptiness of war. The Trumpet Calls† is a World War 1 poster which was used to convince civilians to join the war. The caption is â€Å"The Trumpet Calls† which is drawn in a bold red font designed to capture the viewers’ attention. Red symbolise the blood lost in the battle and acts as a plea for more people to join up and replace the lives of those that were lost doing their â€Å"du ty. † This is highlighted by the word â€Å"Calls†. In the frame, the main image is a soldier seen in brown colour standing above other soldiers that are fighting; some of them injured which makes this soldier stand out as he is above the other soldiers. The vector directs us as the viewers to the civilians in the background who are shown a shadowy grey colour which is used to illustrate their lack of involvement in the war. The hand of the soldier points downwards in a gesture-like way as if inviting civilians to help out the soldiers below him to fight in the war. This poster unlike the other texts is a positive view on war used to try and persuade people to participate in war, but the reality is that such posters led young men to their deaths. In the documentary, â€Å"Dear America: Letters Home from Vietnam†, the director Bill Couturie illustrates to us what the Vietnam War was like. He shows us the conditions of war and also the effect this had on the soldiers and their families. The letters that are read out basically act as a chronicle diary of physical, emotional and psychological challenges and the experiences of the soldiers. One soldier â€Å"This is all wrong† and others write things like â€Å"We are all scared†, â€Å"This was my first experience of war and it was ugly†, â€Å"It’s just a constant siege here†. These letters saying these things ighlight to us that the conditions of war are brutal, horrible and scarring and that it was an unknown entity to the soldiers as it was â€Å"Jungle Warfare† which was alien to most as no other wars were fought this way. There is also real footage of the war, news reals and facts and figures about the war and the amount of c asualties, none is made up. This helps us to understand the amount of death and destruction of war and allows us to visually see how brutal the fighting in war is. It makes the viewer feel sympathetic to those who fought and died in war and their families. It also highlights the pitiful waste of life that is lost to war. The soundtrack is made up of songs from the same era. At the start the songs seem more upbeat and happy and as the film progresses they begin to sound more sad and depressing. This is used to represent the soldier’s feelings about going to war at the start being happy and excited for a new adventure and those feelings changing as they witness the horrors of war and begin to start questioning this war. The documentary shows us the death and destruction that occurs from war. Men put their life on the line and were often killed; death was a daily occurrence as this is how war is. In the Trenches it wasn’t just people getting killed by gunfire. Disease and infection was very common in the trenches as there was little to no hygiene there. Rats and lice spread diseases. In the winter it would have been, cold, wet, muddy, snowy and generally unpleasant. Also people were emotionally scarred as their friend on the battlefield could easily be killed. Life in the conditions of war is very difficult and unpleasant. â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est†, â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth†, â€Å"Tomorrow when the war began† and â€Å"Trumpet Calls†, are very good and clear examples of how terrible the war is and what the soldiers went through, conveyed by film, poetic and literally techniques. How to cite War Is Terrible, Essay examples

The White Stripes - Elephant free essay sample

Jack and Meg White, the powerful duo that is the White Stripes, are amazing. Last years highly acclaimed White Blood Cells should have secured that fact in everyones minds, and their latest release, Elephant, not only strengthens that claim but makes them worthy nominees for anyones list of greatest rock n roll bands ever. Marching at the forefront of the army of rock revival bands that stormed onto the music scene in 2002, the White Stripes were one of the few bands who not only not lived up to the hype, but exceeded it. But the sudden fame and celebrity is starting to take its toll. Elephant opens with the words Im gonna fight them off. A seven nation army couldnt hold me back, reflecting Jacks frustration at the loss of his right to privacy. Seven Nation Army continues, Theyre gonna rip it off. Oh, all the words will bleed from me and I will think no more. We will write a custom essay sample on The White Stripes Elephant or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page You cant help sharing Jacks feelings of oppression and vexation at the media for making his life public property. The album continues with I Just Dont Know What To Do With Myself, which could be blown off as just another melodramatic break-up song if it werent for its wretched, howling distorted guitar riffs and the constant crash of cymbals in the background that make the song feel sincerely tortured and emotionally powerful. Elephant comes to an end eight songs later with the delightfully sappy, tongue-in-cheek, Its True That We Love One Another, which features garage-rock icon Holly Golightly on vocals and has the warm feeling of an evening chat between three old friends on the back porch of a cozy farmhouse. Overall, Elephant is an absorbing collection of delectably raw, churning garage punk, reminiscent at times of the Kinks, the Stooges, and My Brother The Cow-era Mudhoney. Definitely an impressive addition to the world of alternative rock. .

Moments free essay sample

How can there be moments that produce sorrow for one, and yet bring happiness to another? As I stare at my hands, memories flood my mind. These hands are my life. Even now, as they automatically click the keys and create the sound I love, my hands form this very moment. These are the hands that carefully grasped a pencil to practice cursive writing at age seven. Blistering from the unaccustomed feel of a shovel, they placed concrete bricks that created the foundation of a schoolhouse in Mali, Africa. These are the hands that sort and recycle sticky pop cans every Wednesday. My hands include my right pinky, which has taught itself to stand beautifully curved on a violin bow; an index finger that has taken countless photos for a treasured scrapbook; a right hand that has mastered the direction of magnetic force. The slender fingers are tipped with nails that are polished year round. We will write a custom essay sample on Moments or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Are they perfect? No. A closer look would reveal my left pinky in its mangled state, the result of a two-year-old’s curiosity to look out the car window that collided with the driver’s desire to close the window. After 15 years of healing, a finger truncated by two centimeters remains with its deformed nail. The truth is, I have always hated this finger, the flaw on my most treasured feature. And I hated the pain caused by nail clippings this mundane activity produced tears in my five-year-old eyes because the skin that my nail grew attached to had to be clipped away with the nail. My dream of playing the violin like my brother vanished because certain notes were always flat and my vibrato was pathetic. I dreamt of a lefty violin, something only a desperate eight-year-old could think of. Over time, I developed the habit of folding my hands and tucking away the deformed finger. It was only much later that I realized it wasn’t the finger that was a mistake, it was my attitude. I have no idea how I ever managed to disregard my parents’ pained expressions, who took the blame. I placed the blame on myself for being so selfish and cowardly. Staring at my left hand now, I am comfortable with imperfection. It may be a bit foolish to ask others whether they’d like to see my â€Å"chopped-off pinky,† but my frank query represents a new attitude I’m proud of who I am, including every weird quirk. Plus, it is the perfect conversation starter. It’s true: I’m still far from mastering the art of vibrato, but I’ve been fairly successful in fine-tuning my own outlook on life.

Affirmative Action Essays (1286 words) - Social Inequality

Affirmative Action Essays (1286 words) - Social Inequality Affirmative Action ?The state shall not discriminate, or grant preferential treatment to any individual or group on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in the operation of public employment, public education, or public contracting.? The previous statement is the unedited text of the operative part of Proposition 209, the California Civil Rights Initiative (CCRI), that passed November fifth by a percentage of 54 to 46. Though the initiative does not actually mention affirmative action, Californians feel affirmative action may be coming to an end. Will the decision of Proposition 209 have a great impact on colleges and universities? We will soon find out. We do know that affirmative action in colleges and universities has a long history of controversy sparked by the 1978 Bakke case and seems to be far from over with the recent vote on proposition 209. The Supreme Court?s 1978 decision in the Regents of the University of California v. Bakke has been the basis for most college affirmative action programs. The case involved a white man, Allen Bakke, who applied for admission to, and was rejected by California University at Davis Medical School in 1973 and 1974. The university had an affirmative action program to accept sixteen Black, Hispanic, and Asian students for every 100 entering. Allen Bakke objected when he found out that he had been turned down while minorities students with lower college grades and MCAT scores had been admitted under the university?s affirmative action program. The court then had been divided between four justices in favor of admitting Bakke on the basis that the quota affirmative Maloney 2 action plan had violated Title Four of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, four Justices against admitting Bakke, and Justice Powell, the swing vote. Justice Powell declared that Allen Bakke would be admitted to the medical school because the University of California?s affirmative action plan had violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. In Justice Powells opinion, the Fourteenth Amendment must be interpreted to protect everyone (McWhirter). The Bakke decision has sparked many anti-affirmative action movements, the latest being Proposition 209. Backing the California Civil Rights Initiative, proponents feel it is time to end race and sex-based quotas, preferences and set-asides now governing state employment, contracts and education. Launching a two million dollar television campaign to support the ballot measure, Robert Dole and the Republican Party made proposition 209 the centerpiece in their push for California?s 54 electoral votes (Lesher). Bob Dole states, ?If affirmative action means quotas, set- asides and other preferences that favor individuals simply because they happen to belong to certain groups, that?s were I draw the line? (qtd. in ?What They?re Saying About Quotas and the California Civil Rights Initiative?). Agreeing with Dole, Governor Pete Wilson states that ?Mandating and practicing inequality cannot bring equality? (qtd. in ?What They?re Saying About Quotas and the California Civil Rights ! Initiative?). Another defender of proposition 209 and affirmative action is House Speaker Newt Gingrich. In a interview with Gingrich, he boldly states that ?people who want some kind of quota based on racial background should be forced to debate in public their version of America. I would make clear that I oppose Maloney 3 quotas explicitly because I favor an integrated America? (qtd. in ?What They?re Saying About Quotas and the California Civil Rights Initiative?). United States Senator, Phil Gramm, also opposes affirmative action resolutely declaring that ?if I become President, quotas and set-asides are finished in America? (qtd. in ?What They?re Saying About Quotas and the California Civil Rights Initiative?). Opposing the measure, California college students and other affirmative action supporters protest to sustain variety and diversity. The first incident occurred when 500 students from University of California Berkeley met on Sprous Hall steps, the evening after the election and seized the Campanile clock tower. Some students chained themselves inside. The same day as the as the Berkeley incident, 300 students from the University of California Santa Cruz surrounded and picketed the Student Service Building, effectively closing the financial aid and registrar?s office. Police made no arrests. On November seventh, 100 students from San Francisco State caused a commotion by blocking 19th Avenue, a main thoroughfare (WALLACE and MARCUM ).

D3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

D3 - Assignment Example If these views are put together, a more comprehensive perspective of child development can be obtained. (Berk) The underlying perceptions of these theories are technically different; and even contradicting to some extent. Piaget’s point is that the child’s learning and mental capabilities are fundamentally not inferior to that of the adults. The child’s learning is actually activity and observation based. But Vygotsky’s theory gives more prominence to the psychosocial aspects of child development. The emphasis on cognitive capabilities of a child can also be explained by genetic claims and calls for assistance from a capable teacher to help the child learn. The adult is more knowledgeable, experienced, and physically capable than the child. In the early stages of child development, assistance from the adult can be pivotal. Although self learning and activity based training processes are essential to achieve wholesome development, the importance of guidance by an adult can be considered as the basis of both preschool and Kindergarten levels of education and training. (Berk, 2-3) In the course of maturing the child’s tendencies and attempts toward developing a firmer grip on language (be that the child’s mother tongue or some other language), what the adult can do to help the child has been termed as â€Å"scaffolding† by many experts (e.g. Plumert and Whitehead, 523). Making the child aware of the different aspects of a language not possible unless all the four basic language capabilities are supported, which are writing, reading, speaking, and listening skills. Since developmental psychologists like Vygotsky put emphasis on the cognitive aspects of a child’s mental development, adult-child conversations can be regarded as an excellent tool to develop the child’s language skills during his/her pre-school days. This the primary stage of the child’s education and psychosocial

Spanglish Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Spanglish - Term Paper Example This aspect of Spanglish is also properly discussed in the paper. Spanglish and its History Spanglish is one of the most common languages among the Hispanic Americans. It is nothing but a mixture of English and Spanish. According to Oxford English Dictionary, Spanglish can be described as â€Å"a type of Spanish contaminated by English words and forms of expression, spoken in Latin America† (Lipski, John M. â€Å"Is â€Å"Spanglish† the third language of the South?: truth and fantasy about U. S. Spanish†). The word ‘Spanglish’ was first used by Salvador Tio who was a Puerto Rican journalist. In 1952, Tio used this term in a newspaper article. Quite expectedly many consider him as the creator of this word. Some of the articles that were written by Tio in early days contained few Spanglish words which are humorous in nature. However, most of those words were not used later. As a result initially there was some confusion regarding legitimate examples of Spanglish. Apart from Tio there are experts like Nash and Fairclough who tried to gain insight into this language (Lipski, John M. â€Å"Is â€Å"Spanglish† the third language of the South?: truth and fantasy about U. S. Spanish†). At present, Spanglish is considered as one of common languages especially in the places like Los Angeles where a major section of the population is ‘Hispanic’. ... Some of the Spanglish sentences are found to be Spanish dominated whereas some are mostly English in nature. Over the last two decades, use of Spanglish has increased significantly with the increase in the number of people who are migrated from Latin American countries to United States. English has collided with Spanish on a regular basis in workplaces, retail stores and classrooms (Castro, Janice. & Cook, Dan. â€Å"Language: Spanglish Spoken Here†). Such collisions between two of the most respected languages in the world has developed the growth track of Spanglish. The unique language is found to be very popular among the young people in United States. According to, Ilan Stavans who is an expert of Latino culture, Spanglish is a â€Å"jazzy and a very creative way of being Latino in the U.S. today† (Thomas, Jeffrey. â€Å"Spanglish Offers Stepping-Stone to English†). Stavans is a self-declared promoter and admirer of Spanglish who has defined the language as â €Å"the verbal encounter between Hispano and Anglo civilizations† (Lipski, John M. â€Å"Is â€Å"Spanglish† the third language of the South?: truth and fantasy about U. S. Spanish†). Spanglish and Media Globalization In America people who speak in Spanglish are those who have enough knowledge of Spanish but follow American culture. They use clipped and shorter phrases rather than using longer and graceful expressions. Such style is found to be very much suitable in America where ‘time is money’ (Castro, Janice. & Cook, Dan. â€Å"Language: Spanglish Spoken Here†). Most importantly Spanglish speaking people in US are likely to have the spending power of almost 200 billion dollar. As a result, many companies are eager to make the best out of this huge market. It is found that

Censorship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Censorship - Essay Example ce, a book is introduced to the learning curriculum of a school system, then such a book must have passed the set limits of acceptability (Anderson, 19). This paper will thus address in details the reasons as to why some communities, libraries and schools opt to ban materials. This is to say that the paper will give principles as to why there are merits and demerits of banning materials for the said schools, public libraries and communities. To begin with, there is a school of thought and proponent of the line of thought that stipulates that some materials such as books that are banned are done so rightly. This stems from the reasoning and the line of thought that such materials could be laced with overtone racial issues such as the book I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Angelou Maya. In most cases and instances, it could be due to the encouragement of one racial group over and above the others. In a situation where the book or material is intended for the pupils in formative years, then such a material either in the form of language ought to be censored. For instance, if a primary school book is laced with racial language that aims at discriminating against another, then the material would skew the mind and reasoning acumen of the young children towards such direction. It is important to note and mention that the children would have been misguided into believing such stereotype which would be prejudicial in their subsequent years. This is to say that such pupils would have been misled by being exposed to reading such material while on the hand, it would have been banned and the damage controlled even before it takes effect. Secondly, materials and languages by extension which seem to encourage socially immoral and derogatory lifestyles are ought to be banned from public libraries and schools. People read and gain insights on the real life from the materials that they read from books. It does not help any much if such materials and languages seem to covey

The Fields Of Construction And Engineering Construction Essay

The Fields Of Construction And Engineering Construction Essay In the fields of  civil engineering,  construction  is a process that consists of the  building   or assembling of infrastructure. Normally, the job is managed by a  project manager, and supervised by a  construction manager,  design engineer and construction engineer. For the successful  execution  of a  project, effective  planning  is essential. Those involved with the design and execution of the infrastructure in question must consider the  environmental impacts  of the job, the successful  scheduling, budgeting,  construction site safety, availability of building materials and inconvenience to the public caused by  construction delays. TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS UNDERGOING Two types of projects are activated inside campus:- 1. Building construction, 2. Maintenance of roads. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Several buildings are under construction inside campus to be used as central library, staff residences, educational buildings for B.D.S. and M.B.B.S., shopping mall, boys hostel no.5,hospital, extrusion of built buildings, passage between hostels, footpath repairing , repairing and maintenance, administration building. The contracts are undertaken by different companies in order to have the work done in the shortest possible time. Some of these companies are mentioned below. Building construction of two types:- 1. Framed structure construction, 2. Unframed structure construction. 1. Framed structure is an assembly of slabs, beams, columns and foundation connected to one another so that it behaves as one unit. It is a methodology, which enables the construction of tall buildings and building with stilts. Majority of urban structures and multistoried buildings are built as RCC framed structures. In an RCC framed structure, the load is transferred from a slab to the beams then to the columns and further to lower columns and finally to the foundation which in turn transfers it to the soil. The walls in such structures are constructed after the frame is ready and are not meant to carry any load.   As against this, in a load bearing structure, the loads are directly transferred to the soil through the walls, which are capable of carrying them. A well describing picture of a framed building inside lovely university is displayed on next page. FRAMED STRUCTURE 2.Unframed structures are those in which masonry is done with the help of mortar along with pillars and columns are also extruded.. VARIOUS OPERATIONS CONTINUING The foundation. It is the inferior or bottom part of a building that penetrates the terrain it is on, this carries the weight of the building and supports it. Type of foundations provided that I saw inside the university campus were:- #Spread footing foundations consists of strips or pads of concrete which transfer the loads from walls and columns to the soil or bedrock. Embedment of spread footings is controlled by several factors, including development of lateral capacity, penetration of soft near-surface layers, and penetration through near-surface layers likely to change volume due to frost heave or swell. These foundations are common in residential construction that includes a basement, and in many commercial structures. This type of foundation is provided below the buildings to be used as boys hostel no.5. #Mat-slab foundation are used to distribute heavy column and wall loads across the entire building area, to lower the contact pressure compared to conventional spread footings. Mat-slab foundations can be constructed near the ground surface, or at the bottom of basements. In high-rise buildings, mat-slab foundations can be several meters thick, with extensive reinforcing to ensure relatively uniform load transfer. This type of foundation is provided below the building to be used as central library and staff residence. The walls. The walls of a building   receive the weight of the different ceilings and floors and pass this weight over to the foundation. Masonry has done to construct walls in all buildings inside campus. Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar; the term masonry can also refer to the units themselves. The common materials of masonry construction are brick, stone such as marble, granite, travertine, limestone; concrete block, glass block, stucco, and tile. Masonry is generally a highly durable form of construction. However, the materials used, the quality of the mortar and workmanship, and the pattern in which the units are assembled can significantly affect the durability of the overall masonry construction Brick masonry is undertaken inside campus. Solid brickwork is made of two or more layers of bricks with the units running horizontally called stretcher bricks bound together with bricks running transverse to the wall called header bricks. Each row of bricks is known as a course. The pattern of headers and stretchers employed gives rise to different bonds such as the common bond, the English bond, and the Flemish bond .Bonds can differ in strength and in insulating ability. Vertically staggered bonds tend to be somewhat stronger and less prone to major cracking than a non-staggered bond. A picture of brick masonry is given below. Concrete blocks masonry is also under process in some parts of LPU. Blocks of cinder concrete, ordinary concrete, or hollow tile are generically known as Concrete Masonry Units (CMU)s. They usually are much larger than ordinary bricks and so are much faster to lay for a wall of a given size. Furthermore, cinder and concrete blocks typically have much lower water absorption rates than brick. They often are used as the structural core for veneered brick masonry, or are used alone for the walls of factories, garages and other industrial style buildings where such appearance is acceptable or desirable. Such blocks often receive a stucco surface for decoration. Surface-bonding cement, which contains synthetic fibers for reinforcement, is sometimes used in this application and can impart extra strength to a block wall. Surface-bonding cement is often pre-colored and can be stained or painted thus resulting in a finished stucco-like surface. The primary structural advantage of concrete blocks in comparison to smaller clay-based bricks is that a CMU wall can be reinforced by filling the block voids with concrete with or without steel rebar. Generally, certain voids are designated for filling and reinforcement, particularly at corners, wall-ends, and openings while other voids are left empty. This increases wall strength and stability more economically than filling and reinforcing all voids. Typically, structures made of CMUs will have the top course of blocks in the walls filled with concrete and tied together with steel reinforcement to form a bond beam. Bond beams are often a requirement of modern building codes and controls. Another type of steel reinforcement, referred to as ladder-reinforcement, can also be embedded in horizontal mortar joints of concrete block walls. The introduction of steel reinforcement generally results in a CMU wall having much greater lateral and tensile strength than unreinforced walls. cmus can be manufactured to provide a variety of surface appearances. They can be colored during manufacturing or stained or painted after installation. They can be split as part of the manufacturing process, giving the blocks a rough face replicating the appearance of natural stone, such as brownstone. CMUs may also be scored, ribbed, sandblasted, polished, striated (raked or brushed), include decorative aggregates, be allowed to slump in a controlled fashion during curing, or include several of these techniques in their manufacture to provide a decorative appearance A COLUMN in structural engineering is a vertical structural member that transmits through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural element below. Other compression members are often termed as columns due to similar stress conditions. These are designed to and frequently used to support beams and arches on which upper part of walls or ceiling rests. A column might also a decorative member and but need not to support any load. Early columns were constructed of stone, some out of a single piece of stone, usually by turning on a lathe-like apparatus. Single-piece columns are among the heaviest stones used in architecture. Other stone columns are created out of multiple sections of stone, mortared or dry-fit together. In many classical sites, sectioned columns were carved with a center hole or depression so that they could be pegged together, using stone or metal pins. The design of most classical columns incorporates enchases (the inclusion of a slight outward curve in the sides) plus a reduction in diameter along the height of the column, so that the top is as little as 83% of the bottom diameter. This reduction mimics the parallax effects which the eye expects to see, and tends to make columns look taller and straighter than they are while enchases ads to that effect. Modern columns are constructed out of steel, poured or precast concrete, or brick. They may then be clad in an architectural covering or left bare. There are many types of columns such as steel, concrete, wooden etc. but inside lovely professional university, columns preferred are made up of concrete. The high compressive strength of high-strength concrete is especially advantageous in compressed members such as columns, which can be made more slender and, consequently, make economic benefits possible. However, the behavior of high-strength concrete columns is not yet fully understood. This thesis deals with the behavior of reinforced normal and high-strength concrete columns under compressive loading. Numerical results from non-linear finite element analyses were compared with results from columns tested. In the present study, thirty reinforced short stub concrete columns and sixteen reinforced long slender concrete columns have been tested under axial compressive short-term loading to failure. In addition, two long slender columns were subjected to sustained compressive loading. The parameters varied in the study were the concrete strength, stirrup spacing, reinforcement strength, slenderness of the columns, and eccentricity of the axial load applied. The test results for the short stub columns show that the load capacity increased in proportion to the increased compressive cylinder strength. The short stub columns of high-strength concrete exhibited a sudden, explosive type of failure. When the concrete strength of the long slender columns was increased, the maximum load capacity became greater. Although closer stirrup spacing did not provide an increase in load bearing capacity, it did give the columns a more ductile behavior in the post-peak region. The most important parameters for obtaining a ductile behavior were the spacing of the stirrups and the reinforcement configuration. Furthermore, it was observed that the stirrups in the high-strength concrete columns did not necessarily yield at maximum load. Therefore, to estimate the strength correctly it is necessary to use the actual stirrup strain or to design the reinforcement configuration so that yielding is reached at maximum load. Tests showed that the structural behavio r of a reinforced high-strength concrete columns is favorable for sustained loading, i.e., the column exhibited less tendency to creep and could sustain the axial load without much increase of deformation for a longer period of time. The nonlinear finite element analyses show good agreement with the test results. The analyses have been performed with two types of elements, beam elements and three-dimensional solid elements; each type has its advantages. This study has shown that the non-linear finite element method, together with non-linear fracture mechanics, provides a useful tool for the detailed analysis of reinforced concrete structures and contributes to a better understanding of the structural behavior of reinforced concrete columns subjected to axial loading. . 4.The beams. These consist of the horizontal elements that rest over the floor. The beams lean their weight over the pillars and are often times made out of concrete mix with reinforcement. A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting bending. The bending force induced into the material of the beam as a result of the external loads, own weight, span and external reactions to these loads is called a bending moment. Beams generally carry vertical gravitational forces but can also be used to carry horizontal loads (i.e., loads due to an earthquake or wind). The loads carried by a beam are transferred to columns, walls, or girders, which then transfer the force to adjacent structural compression members. In light frame construction the joists rest on the beam. Beams are characterized by their profile (the shape of their cross-section), their length, and their material. In contemporary construction, beams are typically made of steel, reinforced concrete, or wood. One of the most common types of steel beam is the I-beam or wide-flange beam (also known as a universal beam or, for stouter sections, a universal column). This is commonly used in steel-frame buildings and bridges. Other common beam profiles are the C-channel, the hollow structural section beam, the pipe, and the angle. Most beams in reinforced concrete buildings have rectangular cross sections, but the most efficient cross section for a simply supported beam is an I or H section. Because of the parallel axis theorem and the fact that most of the material is away from the neutral axis, the second moment of area of the beam increases, which in turn increases the stiffness. An I-beam is only the most efficient shape in one direction of bending: up and down looking at the profile as an I. If the beam is bent side to side, it functions as an H where it is less efficient. The most efficient shape for both directions in 2D is a box (a square shell) however the most efficient shape for bending in any direction is a cylindrical shell or tube. But, for unidirectional bending, the I or wide flange beam is superior. Efficiency means that for the same cross sectional area (volume of beam per length) subjected to the same loading conditions, the beam deflects less. Other shapes, like L (angles), C (channels) or tubes, are also used in construction when there are special requirements 5.Shuttering and scarf folding. It can be seen in most of the buildings. Shuttering is filling the concrete mix to construct pillars, beams, roof slabs etc. Scaffolding is done to provide a platform for workers. READY MIX CONCRETE .Ready-mix concrete is a type of concrete that is manufactured in a factory or batching plant, according to a set recipe, and then delivered to a work site, by truck mounted transit mixers . This results in a precise mixture, allowing specialty concrete mixtures to be developed and implemented on construction sites. Ready-mix concrete is sometimes preferred over on-site concrete mixing because of the precision of the mixture and reduced work site confusion. However, using a pre-determined concrete mixture reduces flexibility, both in the supply chained in the actual components of the concrete. Ready Mixed Concrete, or RMC as it is popularly called, refers to concrete that is specifically manufactured for delivery to the customers construction site in a freshly mixed and plastic or unhardened state. Concrete itself is a mixture of Portland cement, water and aggregates comprising sand and gravel or crushed stone. In traditional work sites, each of these materials is procured separately and mixed in specified proportions at site to make concrete. Ready Mixed Concrete is bought and sold by volume usually expressed in cubic meters. Ready Mixed Concrete is manufactured under computer-controlled operations and transported and placed at site using sophisticated equipment and methods. RMC assures its customers numerous benefits. CONCRETE MIX PLANT AT L.P.U Advantages of Ready mix Concrete over Site mix Concrete A centralized concrete batching plant can serve a wide area. The plants are located in areas zoned for industrial use, and yet the delivery trucks can service residential districts or inner cities. Better quality concrete is produced. Elimination of storage space for basic materials at site. Elimination of procurement / hiring of plant and machinery Wastage of basic materials is avoided. Labor associated with production of concrete is eliminated. Time required is greatly reduced. Noise and dust pollution at site is reduced. Reduce cost. Disadvantages of Ready-Mix Concrete The materials are batched at a central plant, and the mixing begins at that plant, so the traveling time from the plant to the site is critical over longer distances. Some sites are just too far away, though this is usually a commercial rather than technical issue. Generation of additional road traffic; furthermore, access roads, and site access have to be able to carry the weight of the truck and load. Concrete is approx. 2.5tonne per m ³. This problem can be overcome by utilizing so-called minimix companies, using smaller 4m ³ capacity mixers able to access more restricted sites. Concretes limited time span between mixing and going-off means that ready-mix should be placed within 90 minutes of batching at the plant. I am looking forward for your satisfaction towards this submission. WITH THANKS REFFERENCE: =Wikipedia =Er. Deepak kumar,J.E., G.S. TRADERS =Self visits on sites =Photography source self captured photos from different sites inside LPU

lord of the flies :: essays research papers

Lord of the Flies Imagine yourself lost on an island with three other people you barely even know. In are eyes this is a scary feeling when all think about ever seening yourself in a situation like this. While unfortunely this can happen not to us but to somebody else. In the book Lord of the Flies by William Golding are numbers of boys who are under twelve years old stuck on an island after a plans crash. In the story there are four main characters name Ralph, Jack, Piggy, and Simon who are the oldest of the boys. On the island there are many conflicts. In the beginning Ralph was the leader and everyone had a job they were responsible and keep up until they were rescue. Many of the boys start to lack off especially Jack’s who was in charge of hunting. Ralph and Jack never saw eye to eye during the novel because Jack at the same wanted to be leader of his own tribe. Besides all the chaos within the group there are three major symbols that conch shell, Piggy’s glasses and the fire that ha d everyone’s attention and also savage each other on the island. Conch shell At the start of the novel Piggy and Ralph both discover this conch shell. The conch shell is the most powerful symbol on the island. The conch shell symbolized to bring the boys together to discuss their meetings on the island. At the meetings who ever has the conch shell in there hands they have the right to speak quote "We can't have everybody talking at once. We'll have to have 'Hands up' like at school."(page 33) With the to help the group hunt for food, build shelters, and find any empty areas were they can have a restroom at and to survive on the island. All boys had a jobs and they had to keep to up by Ralph’s orders. From the start all boys respect the conch and fellow the rules of the island accept for Jack who believe at the beginning he should the new leader and that Ralph was a weak leader. Later Jack begin to ignore Ralph’s orders and at ever meeting Jack always going against Ralph’s word and he eventually leaves the group. After Jack leave s the group Ralph slowly loses respect from another boys. Around this time Jack begin to start his own tribe, which made many of the boys seek away from Ralph’s camp.

Cause of Conflict Essay

* The Cause of Conflict is Because of Irresponsible Management. It was discovered that the predecessor of hosur health care had appointed five Supervisors to lead the center’s work force. He had little credibility with the employees. They had each been selected on the basis of seniority or their friendship with the previous manager. * The Communication Between the Management and the Employees was not Good. It was seen all the employees wer either demoralized or had tough, belligerent attitude towards the management. The employees were not afraid to settle their differences with their fist or verbal abuse. The predecessor had unintentionally encouraged this disruptive activity by largely depending upon the supervisor, to handle such problem and not being available to other employees. This led to the communication gap between the management and the employees. * No proper policies wer formed to for smooth operations at work. Which even led to cultural differences. Hosur health care was dominated by south Indians where budha was the only employ who is a north Indian. Which led to lot of differences between budha and other employees. There was a policy where the employees can listen to the radio when they are at work. But there was no policy which stated what kind of songs they can listen to. Anybody who come first at work place can play his favourite radio station for the rest of the day which was one of the reason for the conflict to start * There was no Human-Resource Department at Hosur Health Care. All the previous recruitment wer done by the manager himself. There was no human-resource department at hosur health care. This led to poor recruitment and no background check wer done, thus seven convicted felons wer recruited who wer fearless. * Managing Conflict (AVODING) The previous manager use to avoid all his responsibilities. Whenever the workers need him, he was never there. He was solely dependent upon the supervisors he had appointed. The maximum he would do is hollered at the workers and leave without even trying to settle the problem and resolve the issue. (All this points wer the major reason behind the conflict. Which forced the employees to develop a feeling of hatred towards each other and towards the management).

Middle East Essays (429 words) - Palestine Liberation Organization

Middle East Essays (429 words) - Palestine Liberation Organization Middle East Middle East The political systems of Middle Eastern countries display considerable variety. For much of the post-World War II period, the greatest distinction was between the conservative, capitalist, pro-Western monarchies and the reformist, socialist, and neutralist or pro-Eastern republics, many of which were military regimes. Pan-Arabism, which seeks to reunite the Arabs, was a dominant ideological force in much of the region. The failure of Arab unification schemes, particularly between Egypt and Syria between 1958 and 1961, and the passage of time encouraged the growth of state-based nationalism. The perceived failure of European-derived ideologies also encouraged the spread of Islamic fundamentalism and the search for indigenous solutions to the region's problems. Perhaps no other region of the world has suffered so much political turmoil since World War II. Since 1979 the Iranian revolution, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, the assassination of President Anwar el-Sadat of Egypt, the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, an epidemic of terrorist incidents, a United States attack on Libya, and the Persian Gulf War have occurred. Yemen, Jordan, Sudan, and Lebanon have been ravaged by civil wars. From 1980 to 1988 Iran and Iraq were embroiled in a bloody conflict. Casualties amounted to 1 million for each side. But the most protracted conflict has been between the Arabs and Israelis, who fought wars over territory and the rights of the Palestinians in 1948-49, 1956, 1967, 1973, and 1982. In 1988 Palestine was declared an independent state by the Palestine National Council. This declaration led to frequent and often violent clashes between Israelis and Palestinians. On Aug. 2, 1990, Iraqi troops invaded Kuwait after accusations over a disputed oil field. This resulted in war against Iraq early in 1991 by a United Nations (UN) coalition led by the United States. Iraq was soundly defeated in six weeks. Israel did not join the conflict, in spite of Iraq's firing Scud missiles at Israeli targets. This restraint on Israel's part opened the way for unprecedented peace talks with the Arab states. These began in September 1991 and continued intermittently for the next two years. A change of government in Israel led to secret meetings in Oslo, Norway, with representatives of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). The outcome was an Israeli- Palestinian accord signed in Washington on Sept. 13, 1993. For the first time, Israel recognized the PLO. It also granted limited self-rule to Palestinians living in the Gaza Strip and Jericho. Israel and the PLO pledged to begin working out a permanent settlement in 1995, if the accord succeeded.

The Prince of Egypt essays

The Prince of Egypt essays The film Prince of Egypt did a wonderful job at filling in the details of Moses' life. While many scenes were added to the biblical narrative, the film's poetic license needed to create some of the interaction between Joseph and his older brother Ramses in order for the characters to find flesh and blood on the silver screen. Even in animated form, the additional scenes helped the viewer understand that these characters were not just flannel graph images which played out a predetermined and stoic One of these scenes depicts Joseph and Ramses racing through the city streets on their chariots. The competition between the older and younger brothers gave character depth and dimension to the film. Ramses, as the oldest, would have been more ridged, focused on pleasing his father and ultimately replacing pharaoh with all the force and responsibility that his task would require of him. Joseph, on the other hand, could afford to play, and prod his older brother into crossing the lines of "appropriate behavior" for a future pharaoh. The dynamics of their relationship helped form the power of the conflict when Moses returned to lead his people out How would have Moses felt, facing his brother whom he had not seen in 40 years. How would the one who had left in disgrace be able to stand before his brother and insist that Ramses let the strength of Egypt leave under the guidance of Moses staff' The file adds the scene between two of them sitting in the darkened colonnades of the palace. Moses an Ramses talk about their adolescent pranks against the temple priests, and how they loved to, as most adolescent men, play pranks, goad each other into stepping over the lines, and then how they supported the other when circumstances did not fall in their favor. Just as the Cecil B D'Mille film "The Ten Commandments" added the love rivalry between Moses and Ramses ...

Did Father Flynn get what he derserved at the end of the film, Doubt Movie Review

Did Father Flynn get what he derserved at the end of the film, Doubt - Movie Review Example This in effect operates as a promotion and when Sister Aloysius is told of Father Flynn’s departure, she repeats â€Å"in the pursuit of wrongdoing, one steps away from God†. The denouement of the film poses more questions than at it answers and has fuelled polarised debate as to whether or not Father Flynn is actually innocent, which in turn poses the question as to whether Father Flynn gets what he deserved at the end of the film. On the one hand, Father Flynn’s departure and silence at the end could be interpreted as an admission of guilt, which would lend itself to the argument that Father Flynn did not get what he deserved as he effectively ends up in a higher position of authority by the end of the film. On the other hand, the audience learns that Sister Aloysius lied about speaking to a nun at Father Flynn’s previous church, which in turn leads the audience to question the guilt of both Aloysius and Father Flynn. Therefore overall, in contrast to the archetypal Hollywood blockbuster, the film’s conclusion leaves many issues unresolved, which in turn projects the central theme of doubt throughout the film onto the audience. In turn, it is submitted in this paper that ultimately it is impossible to decipher whether Father Flynn gets what he deserves at the end of the film. Whilst questions about Father Flynn’s conduct remains throughout, Sister Aloysius’ relentless pursuit of him not only serves to heighten the anticipation from the audience’s perspective as to whether or not he is guilty; it arguably serves to operate as a microcosm of gender conflict within the Catholic Church (Smith 218). Whether or not Father Flynn is guilty of abuse further serves to highlight the irony of the battle between him and Sister Aloysius who is also guilty of lying to remove Father Flynn from the Church. The irony is that within the Church’s infrastructure, Sister Aloysius’ position as a nun is inferior to Father Flynn.

The American Experience from 1865 to 1945 Assignment - 1

The American Experience from 1865 to 1945 - Assignment Example With the deprived agriculture in the South, the industrial North became powerful and dominate both politically and economically. Although the North played a vital role in slave freedom, the problem came in the readjustment of vanquished South and victorious North politically and economically. Reconstruction process which focused in states returned in full status passed in four stages such as the appointment of Andrew Johnson as president, Freedmen Bureau which was active in helping refugees, setting employment contract of freedmen. Thirdly, came Radical or Black Reconstruction whereby Republic coalition governed the states under President Ulysses Grant and in fourth stage Redeemer won political control in most states which made all federal troops withdraw, hence the collapse of Republican state governments. "Congressional Radicals strongly disagreed with Andrew Johnson over securing the place of African-Americans in American society." (J.W. Davidson, W.E. Gienapp, C.L. Heyrman, M.H. Lytle and M. B. Stoff, Nation of Nations, Vol I, Chapter 17, 2001). Moderate Republicans who fought for black rights were overpowered by Presidential vote in alliance with radicals.Reconstruction came to an end in 1868 after Rutherford B. Hayes elected as President who withdrew all federal troops which led to Southern states. Black Americans struggle did not end with the collapse of reconstruction, racism and white resistance took charge which led to the loss of land for some of Black American to white farmers. The vivid example is in 1878 when Benjamin Montgomery the first ex-slave to purchase land lost it to Jefferson Davis. White Southerners designed laws to keep blacks uneducated, propertyless but agricultural laboring class. Racism became rampant whereas in Jim Crow's legal codes segregate blacks from whites. The code forbade blacks from mingling with whites; furthermore, due to racism blacks could not compete and secure most jobs. The problem was aggravated by the lack of education and skills for most black Americans and no rights to the legal system. The black American struggle had undergone several obstacles and with the collapse of reconstruction, the philosophy of protecting black rights, subjected them into more racial segregations. Racial segregation did not recede, and despite the fact that male blacks were granted voting freedom, women were not allowed to do so. Blacks now were not permitted to board third class in the trains which were the main transportation after the war. Despite the good documentation of black struggle history in Nation and Nations book, such events were not mentioned. Supreme Courts passed laws that made blacks to have separate accommodations and not mingle with whites accommodations and public schools for blacks and whites.

Education Assignment 1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Education 1 - Assignment Example The majorities of the schools have deserted conventional means of exchange of ideas and made to order techniques that are based on knowledge and technology. Nearly every one of the schools has made use of network based exchange of ideas systems. In these circumstances, the schools make use of computers and sets of connections to be in touch with families. The schools also use constituency web sites to be linked with families and other citizens (Kowalski, 2010). In addition, the schools have employed electronic newsletters to help improve communication with other people in the society. Like other schools, my school uses different types of technologies to communicate with families. First, the school uses district web sites to communicate with families (Kowalski, 2010). The district administrators have developed a wide range of web sites that schools and families can use to interact. The schools post information on the websites and then the families access the information. The websites have been created well to let families and society members browse the sites. In addition, the sites make available areas where the families can mail their commentary. With the exception of using websites, the school makes use of electronic newsletters to make a statement with them. The school managers and administrators send electronic messages to parents. The school makes cards which are forwarded to parents. The techniques mentioned have been successful as indicated by good association between the school and parents. The school has been capable to work mutually with the parents to make better learners’ performance and the general presentation of the education (Kowalski, 2010). Computer technology associations are significant to schools and regions as they assist in making accurate announcement to parents and the society. Schools require directing the produce, media outlets and electronic messages so as to advertisement positive relationships. Technology association procedur e assists schools in the progress of their technology associations and improves their association with people and parents. Majority of the schools have not adopted good technology associations and this has interfered with communication with parents and society. Schools can make use of different methods to better their media associations and the school system (Kowalski, 2010). The specialized discipline of planned public associations offers a lot of remuneration to organizations. It assists them avoid and alleviate crises. Additionally, it also permits them to recognize and direct issues that may get in the way with their goals. It also allows them in structuring and maintaining quality associations with planned societies. 3. School administrators ought to encourage exposed announcement so as to be capable of developing constructive relations and improving partnerships. Most of the education centers are not capable to uphold open exchange of ideas, and this affects media relationship deficiently. The administrators of these schools should hold up free communication so as to develop high-quality relationship with press journalists (Kowalski, 2010). The managers and administrators of the schools should support empowerment. They must approve the press personnel and extra people involved. Through motivating the press, human resources and other community members assist in easing the association betwe

Youth Culture Case Study & Play as the Childs Work Essay Example for Free

Youth Culture Case Study Play as the Childs Work Essay Almost every era has seen the emergence of youth sub-cultures specific to that time and place, socio-economic factors, geographical location and ideologies. Youth sub-culture could be said to be part of the way many young people connect to and take part in society. Most youth sub-cultures share common features such as distinctive dress styles, behaviours, music, appearance as well as shared interests and beliefs but the specifics of each youth sub-culture is unique to that group of individuals, for example the difference between Punks and New Romantics. Poverty in 1960’s Kingston, Jamaica saw the emergence of the youth street culture, â€Å"Rude Boys†. The name derives from a slang word for ‘wicked’ in Jamaica, used to describe the anti-social behaviour of the individual who identified with the sub-culture. The sub-culture was often associated with violence and delinquency that was present in the aftermath of independence and lack of employment opportunities for young people. Building discontent and bitterness led to hostility and fighting as a way of expression for the rude boys. Many youth sub-cultures according to Cohen (1955), â€Å"arise when people with similar problems get together to look for solutions† (Gallacher Kehily 2013). Within the sub-culture much of the music either promoted or rejected rude boy violence and so further sub-cultures became apparent. On the one hand some recording artists tried to persuade young people to be less aggressive, such as Stranger Cole’s 1962 â€Å"Ruff and Tough† where he sings â€Å"Don’t bite the hand that feed you† versus the 1967 recording â€Å"Tougher than Tough† by the Heptones which declared â€Å"rudies dont fear, tougher than tough, rougher than rough, strong like lion, we are iron†. Lyrically the songs reflected the social conscious of the times and motivated people to take action. Rude boys have distinctive stylised features such as their appearance, indicative of the significance of fashion. Suits, thin ties and hats (taken from the movie gangster image of the time) often based on a black and white two tone design, as shown in the illustration below. The style was seen as edgy with an emphasis on masculinity – appearance was important. The predominant musical influences of the sub-culture were a mix of big band and Mento, which was a fusion of African style music played in the West Indies. This gave way later to Ska and Rocksteady, which was based on a blended form of reggae, jazz and blues. A very rhythmic music with a steady â€Å"off† beat, the characteristic dance is one of stepping whilst keeping a straight back, rocking/punching arms side to side, the origins of which come from â€Å"Rudes† stabbing a rival. This way of dancing is referred to as â€Å"skanking†an immediately identifiable part of the sub-culture. â€Å"Rude† influenced British youth culture through immigration and in terms of music and fashion, but not so much the violence associated with its early origins. Young people adopted the music and fashion style of â€Å"Rude† boys and 1970’s Britain saw a â€Å"Rude† boy’s revival with the creation of bands such as â€Å"the specials† and â€Å"the beat†. The music and fashion became the primary focus for young people belonging to this exciting, upbeat sub culture. This youth sub-culture became known as â€Å"two-tone†, named after the integrated bi-racial youth that created it. The original â€Å"rudes† youth sub-culture was symbolic of the tormented, unemployed young population of Jamaica and its emergence in multicultural Britain as a dangerous and edgy, anti-mainstream movement made it extremely exciting to young people. As Wayne Hemmingway says in the Don Letts subculture series of documentaries, it was â€Å"everything British youth culture wanted to be† (Skinhead and Rude-boy Culture, 2012). The Rude Boy culture has contributed significantly overall to popular music culture and its historical impact been celebrated as such by the media. However, back in the 1960’s the media berated the youth culture because of its association with violence and anti-social behaviour. Realisation that ska music with its fast tempo and powerful lyrics had a part to play in the aggressive identity that â€Å"Rudies† adopted, so responsibility fell on the artists to influence a more peaceful approach to the culture and with a slower tempo and more anti-violent lyrics. Nicholas Stambuli 2011, points out â€Å"As much as ska had influenced these cultures, it also had the ability to change them†. The Rude boy culture was a community based on a common interest and a source of inspiration for the oppressed – this symbolism and historical meaning has been lost in subsequent years and whilst the culture does not exist in the format I have outlined above, the music, dancing, fashion of that culture is still relevant today.

Drugs in Traditional Herbal Medicine

Drugs in Traditional Herbal Medicine There are about 1.75 million known species of animals, plants, fungi, micro-organisms on earth. Each species contains a wide spectrum of chemical moieties that number hundreds to thousands. The use of plants as sources of medicine is as old as the history of mankind. Today, there are at least 120 distinct chemical substances derived from plants that are considered as important drugs currently in use in one or more countries in the world. A few of these chemical substances are shown in the table below. Several of the drugs sold today are simple synthetic modifications or copies of the naturally obtained substances. This chapter deals with a few of the traditional drugs used commonly in traditional herbal medicine in India, which are presently being explored for a wide variety of medical conditions where the allopathic system is either insufficient or disadvantageous. SATAVARI Common name: Shakakul, Chatwal, Satawar (Hindi) Biological Source: Satavari consist of dried tuberous roots of Asparagus racemosus. Family: Liliaceae Morphology: The plant grows all over India in tropical areas and is found in the Himalayas up to an altitude of 1300-1400 meters. The plant is an armed climber, growing 1-2 meters in length. The leaves are green, shiny, small, and uniform and like pine needles. The flowers are tiny, white, in small spikes. The roots are finger-like, clustered, tuberous, 30 cm to 1 meter or more in length and tapering at both ends. The diameter of the root is 1-3 cm. The colour of the root is grey. The fruits are globose, pulpy berries, purplish black when ripe. The plant flowers in July and fruits in September. The roots of Satavari are adventitious, arising from a single point and become fleshy and tuberous, tapering towards the base and swollen in the middle. Charaka has categorized Satavari as balya promoting strength or a tonic, vaya sthapana promotes longevity, sukra janana (spermatogenic). Also, he has cited it as a rejuvenative to rasa and mamsa dhatus and mamsavaha srotasa. Susruta has mentioned it as sukra sodhana purifies the sperms or semen. Whereas, it is quoted as vajikara augments the sexual vigour and quantity of semen (Sarngandhara Samhita). It is also classified as samsamana neither it aggravates nor it eliminates the doshas from the body, but simply pacifies the aggravated doshas especially, pitta. Surface: More or less smooth in fresh samples and longitudinal wrinkles on the dried ones Fracture: Complete Root Plant Chemical constituents: Asparagus contains steroidal glycosides, bitter glycosides, asparagins and flavonoids. The plant contains four saponins, viz. Shatavarin I to IV. Shatavarin IV is a glycoside of Sarsasapogenin having two molecules of rhamnose and one molecule of glucose. It also contains mucilage and starch. Shatavarin IV Uses: Shatavari has been used in India for thousands of years for its therapeutic and tonic properties. It is an all-round tonic and rejuvenative which can be given to a person with any type, constitution, males or females, youngsters or elders. A few more uses include: Anti-oxytocic and anti-abortifacient Galactogogue, diuretic and antidysenteric Anti cancer, nutritive tonic and adaptogen. It has been used in combination with Ashwagandha for accelerating the healing of fractures. It improves the defense mechanism against infection. KANTAKARI Common name: Kateli Biological source: It is the dried ripe fruits of Solanum xanthocarpum . Family :Solanaceae Fruit Plant Plant Morphology: The plant occurs all around India, often in wastelands, on roadsides and in open scrublands. Kantakari, also known as Indian Solanum, is a prickly, branched perennial herb. The branches are densely covered with minute star-shaped hairs. The plant has yellow, shining prickles of about 1.5 cm in size. It has very prickly, sparsely hairy, egg ­ shaped leaves; purple flowers, round fruit, yellow colour with green veins and numerous smooth seeds. The fruit of the plant constitutes the drug. The fruits are globular drooping and loamy; yellow or white in colour with green veins surrounded by calyx. Seeds are very small and reniform; smooth yellowish brown in colour and the taste is bitter. Chemical constituents: Steroidal alkaloids like solasodine and solanin; sterols such as cholesterol and phytosterol derivatives. Solanin Solasodine Uses: Kantakari is a valuable remedy in the treatment of dropsy, a disease marked by an excessive collection of fluids in the tissues and cavities or natural hollows of the body. The drug helps increase the secretion and discharge of urine. It is also used as a steroidal precursor and an aphrodisiac. It is found effective in throat disorders like sore throat and tonsillitis. An extract of the plant should be used as a gargle in such cases. Kantakari root has been traditionally used in snake and scorpion bites. A paste of the root can be prepared by grinding it on a stone with lemon juice and applying to the affected part. BAEL Common name: Bilva, Shriphal Biological source: Bael consists of the entire unripe or half ripe fruits of Aegle marmelos. Family: Rutaceae Plant Fruit Fruit Morphology: It is a fruit-bearing tree indigenous to dry forests on hills and plains of central and southern India, southern Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Thailand. It is cultivated throughout India, as well as in Sri Lanka, northern Malay Peninsula, Java and in the Philippines. It is also popularly known as Bilva, Bilwa, Bel, Kuvalam, Koovalam, Madtoum, or Beli fruit, Bengal quince, stone apple, and wood apple. The tree, which is the only species in the genus Aegle, grows up to 18 meters tall and bears thorns and fragrant flowers. It has a woody-skinned, smooth fruit 5-15 cm in diameter. The skin of some forms of the fruit is so hard it must be cracked open with a hammer. It has numerous seeds, which are densely covered with fibrous hairs and are embedded in a thick, gluey, aromatic pulp. Type of fruit: Berry Colour: Unripe fruits are green and ripe fruits are yellowish brown Size: 7.5 to 20 cm Shape: Sub globose Surface: Smooth but hard and woody Epicarp: 3mm thickness, pulp containing mesocarp and endocarp is pale red in colour. Seeds: Numerous and sticky mucilage surrounding the seeds. Odour: slightly aromatic Taste: Mucilaginous Chemical constituents: Coumarins like marmesin, Imperatorin, alloimperatorin, xanthotoxol, scoparone, scopoletin, umbelliferone, psoralen, marmelide, tannins, reducing sugars Marmesin Imperatorin Umbelliferone Uses: Ripe bael fruit is regarded as the best natural laxative. The unripe or half-ripe fruit is very effective in treating chronic diarrhoea and dysentery where there is no fever. It is also beneficial in cases of sprue in irritable bowel syndrome, hyperacidity and flatulence. The root of this tree is used as a remedy for curing ear problems. A stiff piece of the root is dipped in neem oil and lighted. The oil that drips from the burning end is a highly effective medicine for ear problems. An infusion of bael leaves is regarded as a valuable remedy for peptic ulcer. Precautions- The ripe fruit should not be taken regularly at a stretch. When used without a break, it produces atony of the intestines or lack of normal elasticity and consequent flatulence in the abdomen. The bael fruit should also not be taken in excess at a time, as excessive intake may produce a sensation of heaviness in the stomach. RASNA Common name: Lesser galangal Biological source: It consists of the rhizome of Alpinia officinarum obtained from 4-10 years old plants washed, trimmed and cut into segments and carefully dried. It consists of not less than 0.5 % of volatile oils. Family: Zingiberaceae Plant Rhizome Morphology : Form: Cylindrical, irregularly branched and bent like knee Size: 5-10cm long and up to 2cm thick Colour: Copper red externally and cinnamon brown internally Surface: Marked with fine annuli of lighter colour than the general surface Colour: Copper red externally Odour: Aromatic Taste: Characteristic, spicy, aromatic and pungent Fracture: Fibrous and tough Chemical constitutents: Essential oils (0.5-1 %), Cineole, alpha pinene, eugenol, sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene alocohols; Alpinol resins or gelangol; tannins phlobaphenes and flavanoids -kaempferol, galangin a dioxyflavonol. The volatile oil and acrid resins are the active principles. Kaempferol Uses: Stomachic, stimulant and carminative, it is especially useful in flatulence, dyspepsia, vomiting and sickness at stomach, being recommended as a remedy for sea-sickness. It tones up the tissues and is sometimes prescribed in fever. It is used in rheumatism and catarrhal affections and Also acts as an antibacterial and anti fungal. GUDUCHI Common name: Gulbel, Madhuparni, Amritha Biological source: It consists of the stems and roots of Tinospora cordifolia. Family: Menispermaceae Stem Plant Morphology: Guduchi is a native plant from India, also known to be found in Far East, primarily in rainforests. The plant is a climbing shrub with heart-shaped leaves. It has stems about 6 cm in diameter, with light grey, papery bark. The leaves are 7.5-14 cm long, 9-17 cm broad, broadly ovate or orbicular, deeply heart shaped at the base. Tiny greenish yellow flowers occur in racemes 7-14 cm long. Flowers have 3+3 sepals in 2 layers; the outer ones are small, the inner large. Six stamens prominently protrude out. The plant flowers during the summer and fruits during the winter. Fruits are red when ripe, stems are closely with watery tuberoles and longitudinally fissured. Gulbel prefers acid, neutral or basic alkaline soil. It can grow in semi-shade or no shade; it requires moist soil. Gulbel grows easily without chemical fertilizers, and use of pesticides. Chemical constituents: Diterpenoids such as thiosporide, tinosporide and columbin; Sesquiterpenes like tino cordifolioside; Alkaloids berberine and jatrorhizine. Tinosporaside Uses : The root, stem, leaves and sattva (starch) of guduchi are used for medicinal purpose externally.The medicated oil of the plant is effectively used to reduce the pain and oedema, in gout and skin diseases. Guduchi is the drug of choice amongst all the remedies in treating gout. Internally, guduchi is one of the most effective rejuvenatives. It works well on all the tissues and keeps the systems in balance. It accords longevity, enhances memory, improves health, and bestows youth, betters complexion, voice, energy and lustre of the skin. It is immensely helpful in the digestive ailments like hyperacidity, colitis, worm infestations, and loss of appetite, abdominal pain, excessive thirst and vomiting. It is also used in liver disorders like hepatitis. Guduchi is one of the best bitter tonics useful in fevers especially of pitta origin. It alleviates body heat, thirst, burning sensation of the skin and vomiting if any, due to pitta. The starch (sattva) of guduchi is traditionally used as a household remedy, for chronic fever, to alleviate it as well as to reduce burning sensation and to increase the energy and appetite. It is beneficial in tuberculosis and general debility also. It also works well in the cutaneous rashes and condylomata, in the secondary stage of syphilis. Guduchi is one of the most versatile rejuvenative herbs. It works on all the tissue elements in the body. The Sanskrit name guduchi means the one, which protects the body. It is also called as amrita or nectar, as it is extremely useful in strengthening the immune system of the body and keeping the functions of its various organs in harmony. It possesses various synonyms like jvaranasi febrifuge, vayastha promotes longevity, rasayan- a rejuvenatPacifies all the three  Doshas  and maintain their balance with each other i.e. why it is said to be having  Rasayana  character; besides it find important place in the herbs useful in management of diseases having  Tridoshic  origin. Guduchi should be always used fresh for good results. KALIJEERA Common name: Black cumin, Kalonji Biological source: It consists of ripe seeds of Nigella sativa. Family: Ranunculaceae Plant Seeds Morphology: Attractive herb, 20-30 cm height Leaves: 2-5 cm in length, linearly lanceolate segments. They are pinnately arranged Flower: Delicate,pale blue and white with 5-10 petals, on solitary long peduncles. Fruit: The  fruit  is a large and inflated  capsule  composed of 3-7 united follicles, each containing numerous  seeds. Seeds: Trigonous and black in colour. Tubercular seeds containing yellowish brown volatile oil with an unpleasant odour. Chemical constituents: Volatile oils with an unpleasant odour, carvone, d-limonene, cyamine and nigellone. Nigellone Uses : It has been traditionally used for a variety of conditions and treatments related to respiratory health, stomach and intestinal health, kidney and liver function, circulatory and immune system support, and for general well-being. It has been used to treat ailments including  asthma,  bronchitis, rheumatism  and related inflammatory diseases Also used to increase milk production in nursing mothers Helps to promote digestion and Fights parasitic infections. Its oil has been used to treat skin conditions such as  eczema  and  boils  and to treat  cold  symptoms. GOKHRU Common name: Gokshura, Land Caltrops, Puncture vine   Biological source: It consists of the fruits of Tribulus terrestris. Family: Zygophyllaceae Plant Fruits Morphology: An annual herb with diffused or prostrate stems. The branches are flexuous, covered with silky thread like hairs. Leaves: Pari-pinnate having 6 to 7 pairs of leaflets that are narrow-elliptic with round base and apex. Flowers: Yellow flowers, borne solitary and axillary. Fruit: Globose consisting of usually 5 hairy cocci each with 2 very long sharp rigid spines, several shorter spines and surface covered with many hairs . Seeds: Several in each coccus with transverse partitition between them. Chemical constituents: Steroid saponins and steroid sapogenins, furostanol glycosides protodioscin which on acid hydrolysis yields spirostanol and diosgenin a trace of lipogenin, glucose and rhamnose, hecogenin and neotigogenin. Furostanol Protodioscin Uses : The roots and fruits are sweet, cooling and emollient. It serves as an appetizer in anorexia and laxative; also good in dyspepsia Also shows cardiotonic and styptic action It is a lithontriptic and useful in strangury, dysuria, vitiated conditions of vata and pitta, renal and vesical calculi Useful in cough and asthma. The seeds are astringent, strengthening and are useful in epistaxis, hemorrhages and ulcerative stomatitis. The ash of the whole plant is good for external application in rheumatoid arthritis. Lithontriptic having the quality of, or used for, dissolving or destroying stone in the bladder or kidneys. Strangury  is the symptom of painful, frequent urination of small volumes that are expelled slowly only by straining and despite a severe sense of urgency, usually with the residual feeling of  incomplete emptying. These drops of urine are squeezed out in what sufferers describe as painful wrenching spasms.   Epistaxis nose bleed SHILAJIT Biological source: Its a herbomineral drug ejected out of fissures in the iron rich rocks during hot weather. In the raw form it is a bituminous substance, which is a compact mass of vegetable organic matter composed of dark red gummy matrix. It is bitter in taste, and its smell resembles cows stale urine. The botanical name of Shilajit is  Asphaltum  (mineral pitch). It is found to be produced naturally in mountainous area especially Himalayas, Vindhyas and other mountains in India and also in Nepal.. It is found in the Himalayas from Arunachal Pradesh in the east to Kashmir in the west. It is also found in Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, Nepal, Pakistan, Tibet, and Norway, where it is collected in small quantities from steep rock faces at altitudes between 1000 and 5000 m. It may also be found as tar in earth crust formed due to decomposition of vegetable substance Shilajit samples from different region of the world have different physiological properties. Before refinement, Shilajit is a semi-hard, brownish black to dark, greasy, black resin that has a distinctive smell and taste. Different varieties : Iron shilajit: Blackish brown Copper shilajit: Blue variety Silver shilajit :White variety Gold Shilajit: Red variety Chemical constituents: Aluminoids, fatty acid, trace elements waxes,minerals, methoxy carboxy biphenyls. Shilajit contains at least 85 minerals in  Ionic  form as well as  humic acid  and  fulvic acid. Humic acid Humic acid  is one of the major components of humic substances which are dark brown and major constituents of soil organic matter  humus that contributes to  soil  chemical and physical quality and are also precursors of some  fossil fuels. They can also be found in  peat,  coal, many upland  streams,  dystrophic lakes  and  ocean  water. Uses: Shilajit is a most important drug for many diseases. It was used as a drug in prehistoric periods. There is evidence of Shilajit (Silajatu) in the Indus civilization. Traditionally it is used as power increasing tonic. The following health properties are found in Shilajit: Helps accelerate processes of protein and nucleic acid metabolism and stimulates energy providing reactions. Counteracts Diabetes and regulates the blood sugar level. Purifies blood, improves functioning of pancreas and strengthens digestion. Reduces fat, dissolves tumours, and counteracts thirst. Promotes the movement of minerals, especially calcium, phosphorous, and magnesium into muscle tissue and bone. Stimulates the immune system and improves restoration (recovery) after exercise. Increases levels of growth hormone in diabetic patients and is a potent anti-ulcer agent. It is considered to be an aphrodisiac, for the treatment of impotence and infertility in men and women. Used for strengthening the immune system. ARJUNA Common name: Koha, White marudah Biological source: It consists of the dried bark of Terminalia arjuna. Family: Combretaceae Bark Tree Morphology :Arjuna is a large, deciduous tree. The height of the Arjuna tree reaches upto 60 -85 feet. It is an evergreen tree with the yellow flowers and conical leaves. It has a smooth gray bark. Fruit is 2.5 -3.5 cm long, fibrous woody, glabrous with 5 hard wings, striated with numerous  curved veins. It has a buttressed trunk and a vast spreading crown from which the branches drop downwards. Its leaves are dull green above and pale brown beneath. Arjuna flowers between March to June and fruits between September to November. Shape: Flat, slightly curved Size: About 15 cm length, 10 cm breadth and 1 cm thick Colour: Ash coloured on the outer side but reddish and striated on the inner side Surface: More or less smooth Fracture: fibrous Odour: None Taste: Astringent Chemical constituents: Tannins (12%) pyrocatechol tannins, large quantities of calcium salts and small traces of aluminium and magnesium salts. Arjuna glycosides, phytosterols, organic acids and organic esters and sugars, colouring matter etc. A saponin like substance is responsible for its diuretic activity. Arjunolic acid Uses: It is used by  Ayurvedic  physicians for its curative properties in organic/functional heart problems including  angina,  hypertension  and deposits in arteries. This has also been proved in a research by Dr. K. N. Udupa in  Banaras Hindu Universitys Institute of Medical Sciences, Varanasi (India). In this research, they found that powdered extract of the above drug provided very good results to the people suffering from Coronary heart diseases. Research suggests that  Terminalia  is useful in alleviating the  pain  of  angina pectoris  and in treating  heart failure  and  coronary artery disease; it may also be useful in treating  hypercholesterolemia. The cardio-protective effects are thought to be caused by the  antioxidant  nature of several of the constituent  flavonoids  and oligomeric proanthocyanidins, while positive  inotropic  effects may be caused by the  saponin  glycosides. In addition to its cardiac effects,Arjuna may also be protective against  gastric ulcers, such as those caused by  NSAIDs. According to Ayurvedic texts, it also very useful in the treatment of any sort of pain due to a fall. Also used in the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases such as  gonorrhoea. CHIRATA Common name: Indian Gentian, Bhunimba Biological source: Chirata is the plant Swertia chirata collected in flowering stage and dried. Family: Gentianaceae Morphology: The drug consists chiefly of the stem, which is quite glabrous, and contains large continuous pith. In the upper part it branches freely, bearing numerous fruits and flowers, together with a few opposite leaves with prominent curving lateral veins. The root is short, stout, and oblique. Size of stem: About 1cm Colour: Dark purplish brown. Shape: Slightly wringed and much branched above branches slender opposite decussate leaves. Leaves: Opposite, ovate, lanceolate, glabrous, entire. Fruit: Bicarpellary but unilocular containing numerous minute brownish seeds Odour: none Taste: Extremely bitter. Chemical constituents: The plant contains the two bitter principles, ophelic acid and chiratin. The latter occurs in the larger proportion, and yields, by boiling with hydrochloric acid, chiratogenin and ophelic acid, but no sugar. Neither ophelic acid nor chiratin has been obtained in crystals. It also contains a glycoside Amarogentin. Uses: Chirata owes its action to its bitterness it is used in dyspepsia to improve the appetite. At one time it was believed to exert a specific action upon the liver, but there is no evidence to confirm this. It is usually administered  in the form of infusion. The preparations of Chirata are without tannin, and may, therefore, be prescribed with iron. It is also used as a febrifuge. TYLOPHORA Common name: Indian Ipecac, Antamul Biological source: It consists of the fresh and dried material of Tylophora indica. Family: Asclepiadaceae Morphology: Perennial, small, slender, much branched pubescent twining or climbing herbs or under  shrubs; sap yellowish, found in the sub-Himalayan tract from Uttar Pradesh to Meghalaya and in the central and peninsular India, ascending up to 1,260 m. Height 1.5 metres. Leaves: 6.0-10.5 x 3.8-6.0 cm, ovate-oblong to elliptic-oblong, acute to acuminate, cordate at base, thick, pubescent beneath when young, glabrous above; Flowers: Minute, 1-1.5 cm across, in 2 to 3-flowered fascicles in axillary umbellate cymes.; Calyx divided nearly to the base, densely hairy outside; segments lanceolate, acute. Corolla is greenish-yellow or greenish-purple; lobes oblong, acute. Fruit: a follicle, up to 7 x 1 cm; ovoid-lanceolate, tapering at apex forming fine mucro, finally striate, glabrous. Seeds: 0.6-0.8 x 0.3-0.4 cm, broadly ovate or ovate-oblong, flat, brown, dark coloured in centre Roots: Roots long, fleshy, with longitudinally fissured light brown, corky bark; sweet in taste, pleasant and aromatic odour. Fracture: Brittle Chemical constituents: Alkaloids like tylophorine, tylophorinine, tylophorinidine, septicine and isotylocrebrine; tannins, saponins and flavonoids. Tylophorine Septicine Uses: The leaves and roots have emetic, cathartic, laxative, expectorant, diaphoretic and purgative properties. It has also been used for the treatment of allergies, cold, dysentery, hay fever and arthritis. It is traditionally used as a folk remedy in certain regions of India for the treatment of bronchial asthma, inflammation, bronchitis, allergies, rheumatism and dermatitis. It has the reputation of being an alterative and a blood purifier, often used in rheumatism and syphilitic rheumatism. The root or leaf powder is used in diarrhea, dysentery and intermittent fever The dried leaves are emetic, diaphoretic and expectorant. It is regarded as one of the best indigenous substitute for Ipecacuanha. The roots are suggested to be a good natural preservative of food. It also seems to be a good remedy in traditional medicine as anti-psoriasis, seborrheic, anaphylactic, in leucopenia. APAMARGA Common name: Prickly chaff flower, Chirchidi Biological source: It consists of the dried whole plant of Achyranthes aspera. Family: Amaranthaceae Morphology: Annual or perennial herb, 30 90 cm tall, often with a woody base, branches obtusely 4 angled, striate and pubescent. Main root is long, cylindrical, thick secondary and tertiary roots are also present Yellowish brown, sweet and mucilaginous Stem: yellowish brown erect and branched, cylindrical, hairy, solid up to 60cm height Leaf: Petiolate, alternate, elliptical or suborbicular, acute entire pubescent above and usually white and wooly beneath. Flowers: Greenish white, numerous in axillary or terminal spikes. Bract and bracteole persisting and ending in spine. Seeds: Sub cylindrical at apex, rounded at base, black and shiny. Chemical constituents: Ecdysone, Ecdysterone, Inokosterone, triterpenoid saponins possessing oleonelic acid as an aglycone . It also contains alkaloids like Achyranthine and betaine, water soluble bases and saponin glycosides C D. Ecdysone Ecdysterone Uses: Used in abdominal, liver and birth related disorders Acts as a blood purifier. It is also used as an astringent and diuretic The decoction of the plant is used in the treatment of pneumonia and dropsy. It is also used in treatment of cancer. SHANKPUSHPI Common name: Dwarf morning glory, Shankhahuli Biological source: It consists of the aerial parts of plant Evolvulus alsinoides and Convolvulus pluricaulis. Family: Convulvalaceae. Morphology: The plant grows wildly in open grassy places throughout India, upto 1800 meters elevation. It is a small, diffuse perennial herb, much branched, hairy, with prostrate branches. The plant flowers and fruits during May to December. The roots are 15-30 cm long, 1-1.5 cm in diameter and greenish white in color. The plant is cultivated as an ornamental plant for its flowers. It is an erect annual with a winged stems and half a metre in length with decussate branches. Leaves: Sessile, 2.5 to 4cm in length, lanceolate and decussate with 3 prominent vertical lines, densely clothed with silky hair. Flowers: Axillary white (C. pluricaulis) or light blue (E. alsinoides) in colour and mostly solitary in upper axils. Fruits: Globose, 4- valve capsules and small. Chemical constituents: The plant contains an alkaloid called Shankhapushpine. The fresh plant contains volatile oil and potassium chloride. It also contains a neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. Three alkaloids evolvine, betaine and an unidentified compound have also been isolated. Uses: The whole plant of Sankhapushpi is used for medicinal purpose Externally; the medicated oil of the herb is useful as a hair tonic, to promote the hair growth. Sankhapushpi hair oil prevents the premature graying and falling of hair. Its paste is also applied externally in skin diseases. Internally, the plant is used in a vast range of diseases. The whole plant juice is traditionally used in various mental disorders. As one of the best psychotropic drugs, Sankhapushpi was held in high esteem by the ancient sages of India. In cases of minor memory disturbances, nervous debility and dementia, it is widely used as a brain tonic. The fresh juice of the plant stimulates appetite, is a mild laxative and de-flatulent. It also works well as a mucolytic and is useful in cough and hoarseness of voice. Sankhapushpi being a diuretic is useful in urinary disorders and hypertension. It promotes conception in females and is rewarding as an aphrodisiac in sexual debility in males. It is a great panacea for raktapitta, as it is styptic also. Sankhapushpi is one of the best herbs used as a general tonic and rejuvenative. It is also used as an antiviral against Ranikhet disease virus.